If you click on the "Forums" link at the top of the page then scroll down you will find the ports of call section for the Caribbean/Bahamas, etc. There are sub-forums that have lots of helpful info on things to do and places to see.
Welcome to Cruise Critic.
Here is the link to the RCL forum which is where you will want to ask questions/research pertaining to that line:
https://boards.cruisecritic.com/forum/51-royal-caribbean-international/
Check out the ports of call forums for those places.
San Juan:
https://boards.cruisecritic.com/forum/80-san-juan-pr/
St Thomas:
https://boards.cruisecritic.com/forum/82-st-thomasst-john/
Not a bad idea but in my experience the short weekend cruises tend to be party cruises. Not knowing the O.P's wife that may or may not be a consideration.
I wouldn't count on getting your missing passport anytime soon. Between the crazy busy holiday shipping period and bad weather that shut down 89 post offices.....
Good luck though.
Recommend you ask/research also on the West Coast departures forum. Here is the link for you:
https://boards.cruisecritic.com/forum/315-west-coast-departures/